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Reduction of jitter (and also end-to-end round-trip delays) is particularly important when carrying voice traffic, because the conversion of digitized voice into an analogue audio signal is an inherently real-time process, and to do a good job, the decoder (codec) that does this needs an evenly spaced (in time) stream of data items. Thus, the designers of ATM utilized small data cells to reduce jitter (delay variance, in this case) in the multiplexing of data streams.
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In addition, the fixed cell structure means that ATM can be readily switched by hardware without the inherent delays introduced by software switched and routed frames. That is why all packets, or "cells," should have the same small size. No matter how small the speech packets could be made, they would always encounter full-size data packets, and under normal queuing conditions, might experience maximum queuing delays.
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1.5 Using cells and virtual circuits for traffic engineering.ATM is a core protocol used over the SONET/SDH backbone of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), but its use is declining in favour of all IP.ĪTM was developed to meet the needs of the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network, as defined in the late 1980s. ATM uses a connection-oriented model in which a virtual circuit must be established between two endpoints before the actual data exchange begins. It was designed for a network that must handle both traditional high-throughput data traffic (e.g., file transfers), and real-time, low-latency content such as voice and video. ATM has functional similarity with both circuit switched networking and small packet switched networking. ATM provides data link layer services that run over a wide range of OSI physical Layer links. This differs from approaches such as the Internet Protocol or Ethernet that use variable sized packets or frames. It uses asynchronous time-division multiplexing, and it encodes data into small, fixed-sized cells.
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is, according to the ATM Forum, "a telecommunications concept defined by ANSI and ITU (formerly CCITT) standards for carriage of a complete range of user traffic, including voice, data, and video signals," and is designed to unify telecommunication and computer networks.